May 16, 2012

Sex Segregation in Israel

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Professor Pnina Lahav, BU School of Law

While Israel is focused mainly on dealing with security threats at home and abroad, it might be better off diverting some of its energies to tackling an increasingly problematic domestic issue: rampant gender inequality. Without separation of church and state, Israel is continually plagued by tensions between its religious and secular citizens. The divisions are particularly acute because of Israel’s Ultra-Orthodox population known as “Haredim,” an extremist religious sect whose traditional and strict lifestyle has clashed with modernity. The Haredim, whose population has boomed over the past decades, compose a significant percentage of the population. As a result, their representation in the electorate has increased and with it their political power. In return for Haredi votes, the ruling coalition exchanges welfare payments to Haredim, exempts them from mandatory military service, and now, tolerates their discriminatory practices towards women. If that doesn’t raise an eyebrow, what does?

As you may know, these orthodox discriminatory practices include gender separate sidewalks, banning women from singing in public, forbidding women to read the Torah at the Western Wall, removing billboards that have women’s images, enforcing neighborhood dress codes designed to force women to dress “modestly” and reminiscent of black segregation in America, forcing women to sit in the back half of the buses. Although Israeli law prohibits gender discrimination and specifically outlaws discrimination on public buses, they do not consider it illegal if it is “voluntary.” In other words, it is not a crime if women consent to being segregated and discriminated against by Haredi men. But secular Israeli women and even women from the Haredi community have protested in the streets in response to these unfair and backward practices. These protests have been fueled by recent events: a young schoolgirl “immodestly dressed” was insulted by Haredi men and even spit on. In another instance, a Jewish woman boarded a bus in the city of Ashdod only to be forced by a Haredi male passenger to sit in the back. When she refused, the male passenger prevented the driver from closing the door and from moving the bus. Eventually, the police had to be called and when they arrived they told the women to acquiesce (The Jewish Rosa Parks?). In turn, the Haredi have also protested: donning Holocaust garb and calling the police Nazi’s for threatening their way of life. This terrible offense to the memories of the Holocaust elicited outrage and a condemnation by Yad Vashem. Such tragic and memories should be left out of politics, doing otherwise is just insensitive and callous.

To address these issues, the Brandeis Hadassah Institute held the 4th annual Diane Markowicz memorial lecture on gender and human rights. The lecture featured an Israeli film titled “Black Bus,” a film by Anat Zuria describing sex segregation on buses in Orthodox neighborhoods as well as tracking the lives of two young women who left the Haredi community because they were fed up with being marginalized and repressed. The event was widely attended: in fact, myself along with many others who could not find seating, stood the entire time. But it was well worth it; The movie is not only well made but it is an excellent account of the nature and outrage over the current sex discrimination in Israel.

The struggle between religious and secular factions and the unfair oppressive practices against women is common in third world countries and in religious Arab countries. That a developed, democratic country founded as a safe haven from the crimes committed by the Nazis should tolerate or ignore these conditions is absurd. The lessons of black segregation in America proved the importance of equality for all and the importance of separation of church and state. The ever growing rise of modernity and globalization poses a constant threat to walled off religious communities around the world. As political scientist Samuel Huntington predicted, the biggest source of conflict after the Cold War would not be war, but a “Clash of Civilizations” between religious and secular identities. While his prediction is extreme, his general point is clear: we need to address globalization’s effect on religion and remedy the two. If Israel wants to succeed as a modern country, it must reconcile the two and address these unfair discriminatory practices against women. While, on the one hand religious views should be respected, such public discriminatory practices as separate sidewalks and segregated buses (which are publicly funded) should not be tolerated.

Tsafrir Goldberg Lectures on Jewish and Israeli-Arab Adolescents’ Competing Narratives of the Palestinian Refugee Problem

Tsafrir Goldberg Feat

Tsafrir Goldberg

Tsafrir Goldberg, a post-doctoral fellow at the Mandel Center for Studies in Jewish Education, conducted an experiment in which he tested how different teaching techniques can influence students to think differently about the Palestinian refugee problem. His study, titled “Can’t Hold the Past From Both Ends: Jewish and Arab-Israeli Students Learning a Controversial Inter-Group Historical Issue,” documents how alternative and conventional teaching techniques can influence students with competing historical narratives on a very sensitive issue. The experiment is significant in that it shows just how critical a role national identity plays in affecting students’ learning and framing their perspectives.

Prior to the experiment, Tsafrir interviewed and administered a written test to the two adolescent groups. He asked the group three questions: (1) What were the causes of the 1948 war? (2) What caused hundreds of Palestinians to leave the area which became Israel? (3) Who is responsible to the creation of the Palestinian refugee problem in 1948? The results of the test were not surprising: both sides exhibited two competing narratives that were fueled in part by bias and in part by ignorance. While Jews  have celebrated the historical event as Yom Hatzma’ut, or “Independence Day,” Palestinians mournfully call it “Naqba,” or destruction. Yet the experiment showed that Arab students were more glorified by their national identity and overwhelmingly blame Israel. On the other hand, Israeli students seemed more open to complex narratives and did not completely reject responsibility. In fact, more than half, about 55%, accepted responsibility for the Palestinian refugee problem.

Tsafrir believes these biases are reinforced by one-sided narratives during their formal education. He finds that Israeli textbooks do not incorporate the “other side,” the Palestinian perspective, nor the Palestinian textbooks the Israeli perspective. Besides ignoring Palestinian scholars and sources on the Palestinian refugee problem, a more subtle tactic utilized by the Israeli ministry of education is to prohibit the use of the word “narrative” in regard to the Israeli perspective. This is because “narrative” implies subjectivity. However, it does not prohibit the word from being used in regards to the Palestinian perspective. Therefore, the Israeli perspective is cloaked in certainty while the Palestinian perspective is subjected to scrutiny and critique.

The heart of Tsafrir’s experiment was employing three different teaching techniques and then recording their effect on the student’s perspective of the Palestinian refugee problem, specifically, the change in attribution of responsibility to Jews.  The first method of teaching is the conventional “authoritative” approach, which is reading comprehension based and exam-oriented. This approach is the common method applied in Israel schools and promulgated by the Israeli ministry of education. In the experiment, this approach caused Jews to reduce their responsibility and Palestinian students to attribute more responsibility on the Jews. Tsarfrir explains that each group was responding to threatening information in the way that would best protect their national identity.

The second approach is the “empathetic” approach which is dual-narrative based and reconciliation-oriented. The approach is concerned more with feelings and values such as empathy, and is not so much truth-oriented. In the experiment, this approach caused both Jews and Arabs to reduce their responsibility on the Jews. In fact, Tsafrir observed that both sides referred less to responsibility in general than showing greater sensitivity to the other sides’ perspective.

The third approach is the “critical” approach which is practice-oriented, critical inquiry based, and incorporates multiple identified sources subject to evaluation. In the experiment, Arabs maintained their original high attribution of responsibility on Jews but surprisingly, Jews greatly increased responsibility. Tsafrir believes this method is significant in that it helped Jews overcome expected identity bias.

Tsafrir is highly opposed to the first approach, the “conventional” approach espoused by the Israeli Ministry of Education.  Instead, Tsafrir advocates for a mix between the second and third approach in which a dual narrative is present and emphasis is placed on being sensitive to the other side. Tsafrir’s goal is to for students to be able to embrace and appreciate the “other side” on a charged historical issue. Also, students should be able to encounter unflattering historical evidence that portrays their nation in a negative light but still maintain a positive national identity. Not to mention that studying both sides is beneficial in that it allows students to become critical learners adept at conflict resolution: it encourages understanding and prevents ignorance.

Tsafrir is both a textbook author and editor and has been involved in Israeli education reform since 2009. One of his textbooks, which incorporated a dual narrative, has been censored by the Israeli Ministry of Education. He hopes that the result of his experiment, which showed that a teaching method based on dual narrative helps students overcome their identity biases, will influence policy makers to embrace the dual narrative method.

 

Heller School “Tuesday Talks” Lecture Series Presents: Global Health Spending: Learning to Do More With Less

Global Health Feat

Professor Allyala Krishna Nandakumar

Last week, Professor Allyala Krishna Nandakumar presented a lecture titled, “Global Health Spending: Learning to Do More with Less. ” The lecture was one of a series known as “Tuesday Talks,” a lecture series held by the Heller School for Social Policy and Management. The lecture room was fully attended by faculty, staff,  students, and alumni who came to hear Nandakumar explain the problems with our global health spending, namely, that we need to spend the funds we have more efficiently.

The world spends about 5 trillion on health a year. While this enormous amount has only increased over the past decade, the rate of morbidity and mortality has not decreased at the rate one would expect if such funds and technology are available. For instance, since 1990, annual child mortality decreased by 30%. Yet still, 8.8 million children died in 2008. This unfortunate disparity, according to a World Bank  assessment, is the result of poorly managed projects and an inefficient allocation of funds. Moreover, many of these projects share similar characteristics: negligible monitoring and evaluation, inadequate supervision, lack of baseline data for which to set realistic targets, and insufficient political or institutional analysis to name a few.

To complicate matters, the majority of donor funds go to Third World countries where corrupt governments misuse them.  Since 2008, however, the majority of donations have been channeled through NGO’s or non-governmental organizations in order to offset the rampant corruption.

Another complication is that low-come countries are often dependent on donor funds from high-income countries. This dependency is very dangerous for a state since donor funds are volatile and therefore unsustainable. This is especially disconcerting because many low-income states substitute donor funding as the sole means for government health spending.  This dependency is also harmful because states receiving funds are not allowed to decide how to allocate funds: much of global health spending is “disease specific” in that donors typically donate for a specific cause such as HIV AIDS or malaria, and thus states who receive funds may not even be able to use them.

Another issue with global health spending is the unequal distribution of donors. Low-income countries, which compose 85% of the world’s population, only contribute 14.3% share of global health funds. Meanwhile, high-income countries, which compose 15% of the world’s population, contribute 82% of the global health spending. For instance, Ethiopia spends less than $10 per person on health; the US, nearly $7,300.  This places a burden on high-income countries such as the United States, to sustain the health programs of other countries. Surprisingly, while the United States is the leader in global health funding, the second largest source of funding comes not from a country but from the Bill and Melinda Gates Foundation. Where are countries like Britain, France, and Germany? This interesting fact shows that other high-income states aren’t pulling enough weight.

Evidently, there are many problems with our global health spending. It goes without saying that millions of people shouldn’t have to die every year from diseases that could have been cured or treated but weren’t due to rampant corruption and a host of problems in our global health spending. We have the funds, we just need to allocate them more efficiently. To remedy these problems, we can employ numerous measures: increase accountability and transparency of governments to combat corruption, ensure that funds reach beneficiaries directly to avoid waste, empower individuals with health vouchers, and reform the health care system. Only then can we prevent needless death and disease. For more information on global health spending, visit the World Health Organization online.

 

Israeli Author Michal Govrin Shares her Story as the Daughter of a Holocaust Survivor

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Michal Govrin

Michal Govrin

Wednesday, October 26, Michal Govrin, an acclaimed Israeli Author, held a speech on her newest book “Hold on to the Sun.” The book is a collection of short stories and essays exploring her own wandering through life, finding her place and her relationship to her identity as the daughter of a Holocaust survivor.

Govrin’s beautiful words guided the audience through stories of her life and snippets of her newly translated book. She spoke of her mother, who had survived the Holocaust and how this influenced her youth in Israel. Govrin’s mother rarely spoke of her past in Europe and her life before the Holocaust. Yet, Govrin did learn of the most important events of her mother’s past and of her older half-brother, who had been murdered as a young boy during the Holocaust. It was only when Govrin lived in Paris studying at the University of Paris working towards her PhD that she realized there were “cracks in her existence,” which she felt the need to discover further. Being in Europe, so close to where her brother had died and so much of her mother’s past had occurred, she felt a deep connection to this specific part of her identity for the first time. Govrin revealed some of her innermost thoughts and feelings during this process of discovery and facing this sad chapter of her family’s history to the audience present at her presentation.

The stories and essays shed a new light on the Holocaust and its aftermath for individuals around the globe. Govrin’s captivating writing and powerful yet sensitive words describe a very unique experience of one Israeli woman and her path to discovering all the layers of persona, even the ones shaded by the darkest of past experiences. Govrin’s artistic approach aims to leave the reader moved and inspired to go out and find their own path and explore their own cracks in their own existence. Her open and honest presentation certainly left many in the audience with a sense of fascination and opened doors to one’s own path of self-discovery.

To read more about Michal Govrin and her presentation on her book “Hold on to the Sun”, visit The Hoot and The Justice.

A Global Affairs Lunch Table Discussion On The Palestinian Bid To The UN

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The Panelists. From the left: Ashraf Hussein, Chen Arad, and Guive Mirfenderski

Last Monday, inquisitive Brandeis students attended an informal discussion panel on the Palestinian bid to the UN for membership status. The discussion featured Guive Mirfenderski, an international law expert and a lecturer in the Legal Studies program here in Brandeis University as well as two student panelists: Ashraf Hussein, a senior and a recipient of the Slifka scholarship for peace and coexistence, and Chen Arad, a freshman and a recipient of the Malkin scholarship.

The discussion kicked off with a brief explanation of the UN membership application process: a state submits an application to the Secretary General who then appoints a membership committee. The committee then has a timetable of 35 days to report back to the counsel for discussion and then  a vote by the Security Council and the General Assembly. In the Palestinian (PA) case, the anticipated vote is expected for the third week in November. The panelists agreed that it is likely the PA has enough support to achieve the necessary super-majority, or two-thirds of the General Assembly. The Security Council, on the other hand, is expected to veto the PA bid, undoubtedly because the US opposes the bid and has been engaged in much political wrangling with the other SC members. Guive pointed out, however, that the GA can disregard the SC veto and admit the PA.  If that happens, Guive believes a “power play” will occur in which power will shift from the SC to the GA and could result in a change of structure in the UN.

The discussion then turned the possible implications of Palestinian statehood; for Israel, US, and the PA itself. Guive first clarified that the PA’s application for membership status is but a mere first step in a long term process. He expects that despite the outcome, there won’t be any violence or another intifada.  He explained that the PA has transitioned away from violence to diplomacy ever since Arafat’s death and the incumbent Mahmoud Abbas took over. Chen Arad, an Israeli, has concluded from his contacts in Israel that Israelis are indifferent to the decision and are not concerned about violence. However,  Arad, who served in the Israeli Army, has sensed from his comrades and recent military reports that the reserves may be called up just in case. Israel is also worried that of the PA gets membership status, the PA will be able to bring charges against Israel in the International Criminal Court on  Ashraf Hussein pointed out that the PA’s bid “de-Americanized” the peace process and is unique in that the US has normally played the 3rd party mediator between the PA and Israel.

One student asked if the democratic uprisings in the Arab states across the Middle East, known as the “Arab Spring,” has influenced the PA’s bid. Guive believes it has.  The Arab Spring,  has encouraged  has incentivized Israel to make peace with the PA so the PA won’t be influenced or befriended by hostile and dictatorial regimes such as Syria or Iran. The Arab Spring has also influenced the PA in that peaceful protests can be more effective than violence. This could be seen last May when 1,000 Palestinian protesters converged on Israel from Jordan and Syria. The protest caught Israel completely off guard and baffled the IDF which was unaccustomed to handling peaceful protests.

Another student inquired, what effect did the prisoner swap have on the bid?”.  According to the panelists, Israel’s prisoner swap was negotiated with Hamas not Fatah. This is significant because Israel has buoyed Hamas at the expense of Fatah. This move was a  retaliation against Fatah because it was Mahmoud Abbas (head of the PA on the Fatah ticket) that submitted the PA’s bid to the UN. Moreover, the fact that Israel was able to conduct successful negotiations with the Hamas wing of the PA rather than with Fatah enabled Israel to show Fatah as an ineffective government and Abbas as an ineffective leader. By portraying Fatah as weak, Israel was able to show that the PA is ineligible for statehood.

With the decision coming up in the next few weeks, it is imperative that we understand the course of events and reasons behind the PA bid to the UN in order to understand its ramifications. Discussions like these are essential in comprehending this monumental moment in history which can very well reshape the international relations in the Middle East and quite possibly the structure of the UN. But if you can’t attend the lectures, I highly recommend the daily news update by the S. Daniel Abraham Center for Middle East Peace which has the latest news reports from the Middle East. Or to learn more, watch Shai Feldman, a Brandeis professor and director of the Crown Center for the Middle Eat Studies here at Brandeis, discuss the Palestinian Bid at Shai Feldman On the Palestinian UN Vote

Empowered Through the Arts – The Jenin Freedom Theatre Sharing their Mission

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Alice in Wonderland

Jenin Freedom Theatre – Alice in Wonderland

Faculty, staff and students gathered in the Atrium of the Mandel Center last Tuesday to hear about the inspiring work of the late Juliano Mer-Khamis and the Jenin Freedom Theatre. The Theatre is represented by Mustafa Staiti, Momeen Switat, Eyad Horani—three young Palestinian multimedia artists and actors—and Sophia Harb, the theatre’s company manager and assistant director.  They are on tour around the United States to promote their newest production Waiting for Godot by Samuel Beckett, to share the foundation’s mission, and to spread knowledge about artistic and cultural growth amidst war and violence in the West Bank. The Freedom Theatre – a theatre and cultural center in Jenin Refugee Camp – is developing the only professional venue for theatre and multimedia in the north of the West Bank. Since it opened its doors in 2006, the organization continues to grow, develop new and important skills, which will allow their people to build a better future for themselves and for their society.

The Freedom Theatre was founded by the celebrated Israeli/Palestinian filmmaker Juliano Mer-Khamis, originally from Nazareth, Israel,  in 2006. He acted as director of the organization until April of 2011, when he was murdered in an act of violence by unknown enemies in the Jenin Refugee Camp. Now it is up to the theatre’s students and young professionals who remain with the company to ensure the foundation’s survival and communicate Juliano Mer-Khamis’ legacy and vision of social change.

As a part of their presentation, the group showed a few short video clips of the Freedom Theatre’s past productions, which showcased the immense talent of both the actors and the multimedia artists. One video was of their most recent production, Alice in Wonderland, and an original student production titled Fragments of Palestine, both of which portray the people of the camp’s struggles, fear, pain and hope for peace.

Some audience members were struck by the brutal images of violence highlighted in these videos and felt the group was trying to promote hatred rather than peace and non-violence. As the four artists vehemently denied this objective and attempted to explain their reasoning for this portrayal of violence, a heated debate began regarding expressing violence through art, the power of artistic messages and the Israel-Palestine conflict. While the Freedom Theatre members did react with slight aggravation, they explained why a number of their productions do depict such violence. As Momeen Switat, one of the actors, who grew up in the Jenin Refugee Camp, pointed out, “why would we act as if everything was completely normal and fine? We grow up in a war zone, as children we cannot go out and play in the streets whenever we would like. We face violence every day, live with fear of bomb-threats and invasions and for month’s at a time they closed the schools and we didn’t even have access to any sort of education. When we are on stage and creating art, we want to express ourselves and use the stage as an outlet to turn our anger and fear into energy we can use for art. It is our real life experience and we want to share it with others.” Ultimately, the group stated how they had never before experienced empowerment as individuals and validation as human beings with rights for freedom and peace until they joined the Freedom Theatre and had the opportunity to learn how to express themselves through the arts.

As the discussion died down, the group did make it clear that violence is not the only matter they portray and experience in all their productions, albeit it is an important factor. They have created plays and pieces, which feature hope, love and human growth despite all the negativity they have had to face. They did agree with the audience that it might be beneficial for the Jenin Freedom Theatre to set up their presentations showing both sides of their work to clearly state their mission towards freedom and make it more approachable for people, who do not come from their background and may not understand what they have had to experience in Jenin. The presentation and discussion was indeed a learning experience for both the audience and the group of artists and a great example for how non-violent communication can lead to a better understanding of both sides.

The Freedom Theatre is currently on tour around the United States giving presentations at colleges and universities and will hold the international premier of their production of Beckett’s Waiting for Godot at the Miller Theatre at Columbia University in New York City in October. Two of the three artists have received offers by American companies to work on projects here and will remain in the US after their tour to collaborate with the companies for a while.

Sorensen Fellows: Updates from the Field

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This article has been reposted, by permission, from the International Center for Ethics, Justice and Public Life website.  You can view the original article here.

June 1, 2011

The 2011 Sorensen Fellows are spending eight weeks “in the field” this summer, grappling with conflict resolution, death, disability, education, migration, and poverty. They return to Brandeis in the fall to process their experiences in the seminar “Internship in Peace, Conflict and Coexistence Studies.”

Calliope Desenberg '12, conducting a workshop with Centro de Estudios para la Paz (Center for Peace Studies), which is based in San Jose, Costa Rica.

Calliope Desenberg ’12, is working with the Centro de Estudios para la Paz (CEPPA – Center for Peace Studies), in San Jose, Costa Rica. After her first conflict resolution workshop, Calliope wrote, “I wanted the instigators to make up for all their actions, the victims to be paid for all damages done to them, and for everyone to dismantle the poisonous structures of machismo, patriarchy, and the overwhelmingly unfair distribution of resources that frame the entire situation. This, however, was impossible. No matter how angry it makes me, the best we can do is work with the torn, bloody fabric of reality. And while I can’t magically transform it into the beautiful tapestry that I cling to, I can try to patch it up and leave it at least a little better by the time I am done here.”

Sarah Michael ’12, is an intern at Children’s Association for Maximum Potential (CAMP), a summer camp in Texas for children and adults with special needs. Sarah wrote: “One of the CAMPers who has been coming to CAMP for over twenty years spoke about her dislike for people talking over her or like she wasn’t there. Can we see past a disability to see a person? or is that disability a large part of that person and must be accepted along with the person?”

Jessye Kass '13, with a child she worked with in Accra, Ghana.

Jessye Kass ’13, is working in Ghana, as one of the founders of Attukwei Art Foundation (AAF), which brings art projects to students who are living in underprivileged areas, or who have been victims of forced child labor and sex slavery. After doing an art project with kids about what they wanted to be when they were adults, Jessye wrote: “I knew that out of the 15 people who wanted to be doctors, maybe one would get to that level, but what was important was their smiling faces as they held up their beautifully colored drawings and told me that they would help people when they grew up. They would save lives.”

Shani Rosenbaum ’12, is working with the Hotline for Migrant Workers in Tel Aviv, which promotes the rights of migrant workers and refugees and works to eliminate human trafficking in Israel. She wrote of her visit to the children’s detainment in Matan, which houses largely Eritrean and Sudanese teen boys: “The children can’t be deported because they’re considered asylum seekers, and can’t be released because they’re unaccompanied minors. There’s a sort of heavy cheeriness among the staff here; each wears a sighing smile that seems to be part of the uniform of people caring for kids in limbo.

Piyawat "Paul" Sukijthamapan '13, interning with the Bairo Pite Clinic in East Timor.

Piyawat “Paul” Sukijthamapan ’13, is an intern with the Bairo Pite Clinic (BPC) in East Timor, in South East Asia, which serves an average of 539 members of the resource-poor local community each day. On a tour of the clinic on the morning of his very first day, Paul was thrust right into the action: “Just as we were watching over Maria, the first patient, someone came in asking for help with a 16 year old pregnant teenager who had to be transported to the maternity ward. We were helping with the wheelchair down the stair and through the rough terrain when she lost consciousness and her head swung without direction. We took her out of the wheelchair and carried her the rest of the way, until she could be stabilized.

Sarah Van Buren ’13, is an intern with Wildflower Home in Chiang Mai, Thailand: a shelter, clinic, and school for women who have been victims of sexual abuse and the sex trade. Sarah wrote: “The women at the Wildflower Home are largely from Hillside tribes, with limited rights and almost no access to formal education. The women are young, ranging from 12 to 25. But these women are strong, both together and alone.

The Culmination of a Trip — The Renewal of a Profound Engagement

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This entry has been reposted, by permission, from President Fred Lawrence’s blog “Brandeis First”.  Click here to see the original entry.

The magnificent Temple Mount in the Old City of Jerusalem, in the hours leading up to the welcoming of the Shabbat.

As the sun set over the Old City of Jerusalem this evening, I reflected on all that our Brandeis delegation has accomplished here in just two weeks. It is rare for one experience to be both so moving and satisfying personally, and also so substantive on matters of policy and strategy; but that best-of-both-worlds combination is exactly what characterizes Brandeis’ burgeoning engagement with Israel. Brandeis’ global reach is significant as is evidenced by the 116 countries that send students to our campus. We as a university also stand to be strengthened by sustained, deep and broad strategic engagement with a smaller number of partner countries around the world. The historic ties between Brandeis and Israel make Israel a natural place to begin this mission.

In two weeks, our delegation spent time with leaders and colleagues from all the major research universities of Israel: The Hebrew University of Jerusalem, Tel Aviv University, Bar-Ilan University, the Interdisciplinary Center Herzliya (IDC), Weitzmann Institute of Science, the Technion-Israel Institute of Technology, Haifa University, Ben-Gurion University of the Negev — as well as Al-Quds University, one of the leading Palestinian universities. At several Israeli high schools, we shared the Brandeis vision with some of Israel’s most inquisitive and energized — I dare say, Brandesian — students.

We held a number of alumni events as well. As we contemplate enhancing our engagement with Israel, it was inspiring to see the enthusiasm, spirit and support of Brandeis alumni on the ground in Israel, as demonstrated at our two packed alumni events during our time here, one in Jerusalem and one in the greater Tel Aviv area. I know that these members of the Brandeis family will be very helpful to our efforts.

In Haifa, we dined with several members of the Boston-Haifa Connection, the sister city program that binds together Brandeis’ home city with Israel’s most famous hub of multiculturalism. I had the privilege to engage in a public conversation with my old friend, former Supreme Court Chief Justice Aharon Barak of Israel, among the most courageous intellectuals and jurists of our time. We had a fruitful and inspiring visit to Teva Pharmaceuticals. And I represented Brandeis by speaking at the Israeli Presidential Conference, where the theme of the symposium was “Tomorrow,” and where I put forth the Brandeis vision of preparing students not only for the literal tomorrow, with its challenging job market, but also for the figurative “tomorrow,” the next generation, in which skills of rich analysis and clear communication will be more crucial than ever before.

Each place where we went, we were both moved emotionally and energized to find that Israelis always wanted to know more about Brandeis. They wanted to know more about Brandeis’ academic strengths, its strategic foci and its vision for the future. Brandeis’ identity as a nonsectarian, diversity-embracing institution with roots in the Jewish community also resonated with them; many Israelis voiced the idea that Israel too, at its best, aspires to this vision.

I leave Israel profoundly grateful to all the members of the Brandeis delegation, and all the members of our staff back on campus, who worked so hard to make this trip the resounding success that it was. There will be a great deal of follow-up work in the weeks and months ahead, to realize the full potential of the endeavors that we have only just begun. But in the meantime, in this moment, we as a community can take great pride in what we have accomplished — as always, together.

Now, I am off to The Hague, The Netherlands to check in on the passionate, spirited Brandeis students who are hard at work in our Hague program in international law! A good week to you all, and I look forward to continuing to work together in the days to come.

Read also: Lawrence speaks on universities of the future (BrandeisNOW)

Reflecting on prospects and connections

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This entry has been reposted, by permission, from President Fred Lawrence’s blog “Brandeis First”.  Click here to see the original entry.

This morning we made our way — not without misadventure due to a dead battery — from the city of Haifa to the Tel Aviv suburb of Rehovot, where we visited another of Israel’s premier institutions of higher education, the Weizmann Institute of Science.  Unlike Brandeis, Weizmann is focused exclusively on research and graduate education, with no undergraduate component at all. But President Daniel Zajfman and I found common ground over our shared commitment to world-class research and outstanding opportunities for young scientists.

Historic particle accelerator on the Weizmann Institute campus

Professor Alon Chen, an expert on the biology of stress, gave us insight into his groundbreaking work and highlighted the affinities between Weizmann’s program and Brandeis’ strengths in neuroscience. And Professor Lia Addadi, dean of the Feinberg Graduate School, expressed her strong interest in attracting some of our top students to visit at Weizmann.

In the afternoon, we visited another sort of scientific institution, Teva Pharmaceuticals, in Petach Tikva. We visited Teva at the invitation of Dr. Yehudah Livneh, Ph.D. ’81, whom I had met for the first time earlier this year. Teva is both a manufacturer and distributor of generic drugs and a developer of innovative pharmaceutical products.  Yehudah is vice president for corporate Intellectual Property and legislative affairs, and he assembled a group from across the company to talk with us about possible intersections of research interest and ways that Brandeis students might be involved in Teva’s work. It was a fruitful exploration of the kind of relationship that we are seeking in Israel and around the world as we work to build synergies between the various parts of the global Brandeis community.

Fred Lawrence with Shira Ruderman and Jay Ruderman ‘88

Eight nights ago we launched this trip with an alumni event in Jerusalem; tonight, as the trip comes to a close, we were privileged to meet with another group of Brandeis alumni and friends at the beautiful home of Jay Ruderman ’88 and his wife Shira in Rehovot. The event was an occasion for me to reflect on the many exciting prospects and connections that this visit has created, in the company of people who care deeply both about Israel and about Brandeis. We were fortunate to have among Jay and Shira’s guests three members of Knesset — Avi Dichter, Eitan Cabel and Tzipi Hotoveley — who recently visited Brandeis as Ruderman Fellows. I was also pleased to meet Gilad Erdan, the Israeli minister of the environment, who served as an adviser to the Ruderman Fellows program.

Tomorrow, on our final day, I will be participating in two events as part of the Israeli Presidential Conference under the auspices of Shimon Peres. Alongside leaders of other universities and institutions with global reach, I will be speaking on a panel addressing the future of higher education in an era of rapid change.

Science and Students – Haifa and Beyond

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This entry has been reposted, by permission, from President Fred Lawrence’s blog “Brandeis First”.  Click here to see the original entry.

The deep connections between Boston and Haifa hold great potential for Brandeis and our engagement in Israel – this has been clear in multiple ways during our time in this beautiful city on the Mediterranean. Our visits to the Leo Baeck School the Reali School in Haifa gave us the opportunity to meet with prospective Brandeis students of the future as well as faculty and administrators at these creative and innovative schools. The impact of Brandeis on Leo Baeck in particular is clear; their visionary leader of decades, Bob Samuels ’54, himself describes Leo Baeck as a kind of “mini-Brandeis in Haifa” – and his vision is real.  The students were bright, energetic and in every way very Brandeisian. Overall there is a great level of excitement about the potential for more students from Israel coming to Brandeis.

Our productive meetings at the University of Haifa hold seeds for potential collaborative efforts in faculty research and student exchanges. I am grateful to University of Haifa President Aaron Ben-Ze’ev for interest and enthusiasm in working together with us. All of the possible means of working together with colleagues in Haifa have a great multiplier effect because of long-established close connections between the sister cities of Boston and Haifa.

Meanwhile, our Brandeis team focused on science has been fanning out across the country.  Steve Goldstein, our incoming provost, has focused on the Technion, spending the past two days at the institution where he has had substantial scientific collaborations originally forged during his days as a post-doc at Brandeis. Irene Abrams, our associate provost for innovation, explored possibilities of linking Brandeis science with Hebrew University, as well as with BioLineRx, a Jerusalem-based company that specializes in taking promising potential therapeutic compounds from universities and bringing them through preclinical and clinical trials, before licensing them to a pharmaceutical company.

Seth Fraden (physics) spent Tuesday in an intensive series of meetings at Tel Aviv University, while Liz Hedstrom (biology and chemistry) went south to Ben-Gurion University in the Negev.

On Sunday, Liz and Seth both visited the prestigious Weizmann Institute in Rehovot.  Liz delivered a seminar on her research and met with colleagues from the laboratory of Dan Tawfik working in the field of archeobiology, literally recreating proteins from ancestral organisms from hundreds of millions of years ago in order to understand how proteins evolved to the functions we use today.

Seth met with colleagues in the field of biophysics, another area of overlap with the Weizmann. Brandeis and the Weizmann have been leaders in the trend to integrate the life and physical sciences and both institutions would benefit by exchanges of researchers. For example, Seth visited the labs of Prof. Elisha Moses who is developing hybrid neurological – electronic chips to form a bridge between the computer and brain.

Today, I will join with members of the science team at the Weizmann Institute, where we will explore possible collaborations with the president and other leaders of the institute. Indeed, it is courtesy of our hosts at Weizmann that I am posting this entry from the Institute.

* * * * *

Our last night in Haifa concluded with a splendid gathering of the Haifa leadership of the Boston-Haifa Connection, which for more than two decades has created so many meaningful links between our cities. Our delegation had a natural link.  Ruth Aronson, our associate director of development and a key member of the Brandeis team in Israel, spent seven years as the Boston director for the Connection.

Over the course of the evening, leaders of the community told stories of many ongoing links to Brandeis, while spinning out ideas for the future. No doubt there will be many further conversations that will involve Naomi Greideinger, the dynamic chair of the Boston-Haifa Connection, and Vered Israely, its talented director.

Brandeis in Haifa, The Boston of Israel

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This entry has been reposted, by permission, from President Fred Lawrence’s blog “Brandeis First”.  Click here to see the original entry.

I have been traveling to Haifa for many years now, especially during my volunteer work for the Boston-Haifa sister city partnership. Yet nothing in my previous experience, as interesting and meaningful as it was, could have prepared me for the excitement and dynamism of today’s visits to Yemin Orde and the Technion.

Our group drove northward through the coastal plain, winding high into the Carmel Mountains until we arrived at Yemin Orde, a student residential village where refugees from Ethiopia and Darfur study. Some of the current staff members are Ethiopian Jews who were themselves evacuated during Operation Moses and Operation Solomon.

Fred Lawrence with Chaim Peri, director of Yemin Orde

Yemin Orde’s director, Chaim Peri, described the village’s unique approach to rejuvenating troubled youth from disadvantaged backgrounds, an approach that has now been adopted by other schools across Israel and the United States. The pedagogical ideals of the school emphasize belonging to a community, as opposed to an institution or boarding school. Thus, the community becomes a real home. It not only educates students’ intellects, it also empowers them to embark on healing and strengthening their senses of self, as many of the students are orphans as well as refugees.

 

Fred Lawrence and Atalkit Tesfaye, a Yemin Orde resident who attended Genesis at Brandeis University in summer 2010

Yemin Orde graduates now hold the highest positions throughout various fields in Israeli society, from business to the military, and they have gone on to top graduate schools — including Brandeis. The great miracle of Yemin Orde is that the students do not just survive; they thrive. They graduate committed to changing the world, just like our Brandeis students. We were reluctant to leave Yemin Orde but we departed filled with energy and dedication, embracing our hosts as if they were friends of decades, rather than half a day.

As we sped down through the mountains, we witnessed ominous signs of the recent traumatic fire that consumed the forests above Haifa, including many buildings at Yemin Orde. We then headed for the Technion—Israel Institute of Technology, an extraordinary high-tech university and medical school. It is hard to describe the electricity that pervades this campus. Students in shorts and sandals walked briskly past us on their way to class in contemporary buildings, widely set apart amid lush flowering vines and plants, flourishing under Haifa’s blue skies and Mediterranean sun.

I shared lunch with President Peretz Lavie of Technion and members of both his and our faculty. In welcoming us, the president and his professors exhibited the usual Israeli warmth, hospitality, professionalism, and friendship. After President Lavie and I toasted to each other’s schools, when all those around the table had a chance to say a few words of introduction, the room was filled with the kind of collaborative conversations that augur well for future relationships between our institutions.

Fred Lawrence and Professor Oded Shmueli ’77, executive vice president for research at the Technion

Throughout the day, I met with various members of the Technion community, envisioning and planning exciting possibilities for joint ventures: for scientific collaboration between faculty colleagues at Brandeis and Technion; and for programs whereby students of each university can visit and study at the other institution. Indeed, collaboration among faculty colleagues is well under way, as throughout the day Brandeis faculty members were meeting with members of the Technion faculty. We were particularly pleased and grateful for the opportunity to meet Technion’s Vice President for Research, Professor Oded Shmueli — a Wien scholar of the Brandeis Class of 1977.

I was struck by the complementary, symbiotic nature of these opportunities for collaboration. Technion has among other things one of the world’s great programs in engineering, a field in which Brandeis has yet to establish a program. Meanwhile, Technion admits to a relative weakness in the humanities, a particular strength of Brandeis.

To conclude the day, Mayor Yona Yahav of Haifa gave us a personal tour of the Haifa port, and of the Carmel Academic Center, a college that is among the numerous institutions that make up Israel’s significant expansion of colleges in recent years. We all shared a celebratory dinner at the end of the day, where Mayor Yahav and I discussed the future of higher education in Israel and America, and how Jewish roots like those that animate the values of Brandeis can nourish a positive future for young people.

Haifa Mayor Yona Yahav and Fred Lawrence

As the dinner came to a close, Mayor Yahav said, regarding my blog, “Give your readers my best wishes.”

Mission accomplished!

 

Mutual commitments to excellence

This entry has been reposted, by permission, from President Fred Lawrence’s blog “Brandeis First”.  Click here to see the original entry.

On Shabbat, we remember that moments of rest and reflection are not a retreat from life: they lie at the essence of life. It was in this spirit that nearly thirty of us sat down to Shabbat dinner in Jerusalem this past Friday night. What connected us all — from artists to public servants, from faculty and staff to Israeli intellectuals, from alumni of Brandeis’ early classes to teenage prospective students — was a shared stake in the success of this unique university and a shared conviction that the already-deep bonds between Brandeis and Israel are only just beginning to grow.

The cornucopia of careers and interests around the table reflected the multi-faceted nature of Brandeis itself. Former Israeli Consul-General in Boston Nadav Tamir joined us, a longtime friend of Brandeis who is now an adviser to President Shimon Peres. We also hosted Mark Regev, spokesperson for Prime Minister Benjamin Netanyahu, who told the story of what inspired him to make aliyah from Australia as a young man. Acclaimed filmmaker Yael Hersonski described how Jerusalem has changed since she studied at the Sam Spiegel Film & Television School and discussed her Holocaust documentary A Film Unfinished, which she screened at Brandeis earlier this year as a Schusterman Fellow. We were delighted to welcome newly named editor-in-chief of The Jerusalem Post Steve Linde, along with Post reporter Tovah Lazaroff ’86.

Then, Professor Maurice Roumani from the Political Science Department of Ben-Gurion University of the Negev recounted the story of how Brandeis’ Wien Scholarship rescued him from turmoil in Libya and forever changed his life and the lives of his family. Professor Fred Tauber of Tel-Aviv University had a similar epic narrative to tell, describing how President Abram Sachar got American papers for numerous intellectuals among the survivors of the Holocaust — including Prof. Tauber’s father, who ultimately became a significant benefactor to the university whose founding president had transformed his life.

The rejuvenating spirit of Shabbat, and of the fellowship of the Brandeis family, continued on Saturday during the day as my family and I joined a discussion at the home of Rabbi Ron Kronish ’68 and his wife Amy. Ron is a founder and longtime director of the Interreligious Coordinating Council in Israel, which works for interfaith dialogue. Among Rabbi Kronish’s guests were Rabbi Levi Weiman-Kelman, arguably the most prominent reform rabbi in Israel; Dr. Mohammed Dajani, founder of Wasatia, a Palestinian group that highlights the roots of moderation within Islam; and the Rev. Timothy Lowe, rector of the Tantur Ecumenical Institute.

On Sunday, we visited the main campus of Al-Quds University, in Abu Dis. I had the chance to see in action the bridge-building exchanges of faculty, staff and students that have for years now characterized the partnership between Brandeis and Al-Quds, funded by the Ford Foundation. Brandeis professors Sue Lanser and Derek Isaacowitz and senior associate dean Elaine Wong teamed with Al-Quds colleagues in leading a discussion on the responsibilities of department chairs. In the new student center, two recent Brandeis alumni, along with assistant provost Alwina Bennett, introduced me to Palestinian students, who glowingly described how student exchanges in Waltham and Jerusalem had transformed their socio-political perspectives. I also discussed the future of our partnership with acting president Marwan Awartani and with Dr. Khuloud Khayyat Dajani, an energetic, innovative leader of the partnership from the Al-Quds side since the beginning.

The key to this partnership is that its roots are our institutions’ mutual commitments to excellence. The more discussions we held together on pedagogy, text study and best-practices administration, the more the spotlight shone on our common nature — as human beings and as members of academic communities.

Our incoming provost, Steve Goldstein, joined us today in Jerusalem. We were fortunate to benefit from his expertise, especially regarding our science collaborations. At Al-Quds, Steve met with the dean of the medical school, Dr. Hany Abdeen. In the coming days, Steve will spend considerable time at the Technion in Haifa, where he has forged in-depth collaborations as early as his days as a post-doc at Brandeis.

Later, we met with Professor Manuel Trajtenberg, chairman of the planning and budget committee for Israel’s Council of Higher Education. Professor Trajtenberg gave Steve, Dan Terris and me a bird’s-eye view of Israeli higher education, emphasizing the past two decades’ tremendous expansion of colleges, and describing the government’s renewed commitment to supporting research. I look forward to continuing to consult with him as Brandeis builds ever-deeper connections and collaborations here in the Holy Land.

Welcoming Shabbat in Jerusalem with the Brandeis family

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This entry has been reposted, by permission, from President Fred Lawrence’s blog “Brandeis First”.  Click here to see the original entry.

“Here is a place whose atmosphere is peace, where political and religious jealousies can be forgotten and international unity be fostered and developed.”  So reads the quotation, in Hebrew, Arabic and English, at the front gate of the Jerusalem International YMCA, where I spent the afternoon of erev shabbat in Jerusalem.

My guide was Forsan Hussein ’00, the CEO, who last Tuesday had hosted me for a welcome lunch and extracted a promise from me to come back for the full tour. It was well worth it, not only to see this extraordinary institution, but also to spend time with a Brandeis alumnus who is making his mark in his native land.

Forsan has been CEO here for two years — the first Muslim CEO of a Y anywhere in the world. Born and raised in the Galilee village of Shaab, he came to Brandeis in 1996 as one of the first two Slifka coexistence scholars. With his Brandeis education as a foundation, he is the ideal leader for this wide-ranging institution: one that is both a for-profit hotel business and a non-profit organization with ambitions for social progress.

Jerusalem YMCA CEO Forsan Hussein '00 and Fred Lawrence.

Forsan’s vision for the Y is both practical and uplifting. He wants to make the Y’s business side efficient, profitable and service-oriented; and at the same time, he wants to make the Jerusalem Y a hub, both substantively and symbolically, for the development of coexistence in Israel and the Middle East.

In this sense, Forsan’s vision is profoundly Brandeisian. Forsan reminds me of the countless Brandeis alumni I have met who, like Forsan, have mastered the brass-tacks knowledge to run an organization like clockwork, but who see this know-how not as an end, but as a means — a means to realizing the ideals of community, learning and social justice in the most substantive sense. Here at the Y, the landscape is thousands of miles from Waltham but the ideals ring with the same clarion call I hear in students’ voices on campus. I look forward to finding ways for Brandeis students and faculty to connect with Forsan’s work here in the Holy Land.

Ecumenism was woven into every aspect of the Y’s design, as Forsan showed us: windows and trees in biblical numbers of 12 and 40; inscriptions in three languages, extolling the greatness of the Almighty; symbols of the Jewish, Christian, and Muslim traditions cut into the light fixtures in the 600-seat auditorium. Founded in the mid-19th century, the Jerusalem Y moved into its current building in the early 1930s — a Byzantine-esque structure, complete with a six-story tower that is now among the city’s most prominent landmarks.

At the top of the tower, I looked out with Forsan over a spectacular vista, the skyline of Jerusalem — in one direction, the storied Jerusalem-stone walls of the ancient Old City; in another, modern Jerusalem’s towers, offices, apartment buildings and parks. In the small space beneath the top of the tower, a group of young visitors sang hymns from different traditions and it felt only natural to join them in song.

As I write these words, I am now preparing for Shabbat in Jerusalem. This day of rest and reflection will be for me a chance to absorb all that I have seen and learned throughout a non-stop week of long-planned visits come to fruition, long-cherished relationships renewed, and new connections built.

Tonight, we will share a Shabbat dinner both with Brandeis faculty and administrators, and with a number of Israeli guests: Mark Regev, spokesperson for the Prime Minister, and his family; Nadav Tamir, former Israeli consul-general in Boston; and a number of Israeli intellectuals. It is especially meaningful to spend a Shabbat here in Jerusalem with my wife Kathy and my son Noah, who has been living in Jerusalem the past several months, working for Kadima Party chairwoman Tzipi Livni. For all these reasons, it will be a fulfilling day of rest here, as I re-charge my batteries for another busy week ahead  — starting on Sunday morning!

The life of the mind

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This entry has been reposted, by permission, from President Fred Lawrence’s blog “Brandeis First”.  Click here to see the original entry.

Among the core principles of Brandeis University is that academic study is not the end, it is the beginning — the beginning of a lifetime of public commitment and personal growth. In keeping with this, the diverse nature of the liberal arts, today marked the trip’s first day on which my itinerary was entirely outside university campuses. After two days of meeting with the Presidents of Al-Quds University, Hebrew University, Tel Aviv University, and the Interdisciplinary Center in Herzliya, today my travels took me to a different set of institutions: the Jerusalem Foundation, a major foundation supporting cultural, artistic and educational programs; the Boyer School, an extraordinary, diverse Israeli high school; the Sam Spiegel Film & Television School; and a public conversation where I spoke alongside my good friend Aharon Barak, former Chief Justice of Israel’s Supreme Court.

I began the day meeting with Ruth Cheshin, President of the Jerusalem Foundation. She and I discussed ways for Brandeis and the Jerusalem Fund to collaborate, and for Brandeis to connect with Israel and in particular with Jerusalem. Specifically, we discussed holding joint events at Mishkenot Sha’ananim, the storied artist’s colony and conference center in the forested foothills of the Old City. The Director-General of Mishkenot Sha’ananim, Uri Dromi, joined Ruth and I for this breakfast meeting. And the day’s closing event with Justice Barak was held at Mishkenot Sha’ananim.

Next, I visited the Boyer School in western Jerusalem. This visit was an opportunity to meet with the inspired faculty and students of this exceptional institution. With one-third of its students enrolled as boarding students, the Boyer School brings students together from all over Israel, including those from disadvantaged backgrounds who otherwise might never have the chance to put their brilliance and creativity into action. We discussed possibilities for joint efforts, especially to recruit top-level Israeli students to Brandeis.

The day progressed with a visit to Israel’s national film school, the Spiegel Film School. Professor Alice Kelikian, director of our film program, Dan Terris, Ruth Aronson, and I met with the school’s head and founder, Renen Schorr, a visionary leader and true creative mind. The school’s alumni include director Yael Hersonski, a Schusterman Fellow who came to Brandeis this past winter to screen and discuss her acclaimed documentary, A Film Unfinished, at Brandeis’ Wasserman Cinematheque.

 

These inspiring visits would have been enough to make today phenomenal. But perhaps the highlight was the last event of all: a program where I spoke alongside Justice Barak. As a scholar, and personally, I have been privileged to know Justice Barak for years. Tonight, moderator Dan Terris asked Justice Barak and me to discuss American and Israeli approaches to freedom of speech, after which we fielded questions from the audience.

I spoke about the idea, among others, that Brandeis as a private school is not bound by the First Amendment — but this fact does not end the discussion of freedom of speech; instead, it liberates that discussion to concern not, “What does the law compel us to do?” but rather, “What ethos would characterize the ideal community, and what do we want to characterize ours?” The event will provide a model for future Brandeis-Israel collaborations. And it exemplified the fact that the life of the mind is the beating heart of Brandeis University — from which all the diverse parts of the university draw their lifeblood.

Read also: Lawrence, Justice Barak discuss free speech issues (BrandeisNOW)

What Does the U.S. Want in the Middle East and What Should It Want?

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Joel Migdal of the University of Washington (far right) moderates the first Plenary Session of the 2011 AIS Conference.

On Monday evening, I attended the first Plenary Session of the Association for Israel Studies 2011 conference.  Titled “What Does the U.S. Want in the Middle East and What Should It Want?”, the session featured five gentlemen who spoke for about fifteen minutes each, followed by a question and answer opportunity.  Each talk focused on different aspects of United States-Israel relations and what the future may hold for such collaborations.

The first to speak was the panel moderator, Joel Migdal.  Migdal is the Robert L. Philip Professor of International Studies at the University of Washington and the former president of the Association for Israel Studies.  He set the pace for the panel by outlining Obama’s current policies in the Middle East: to talk about/withdraw troops from Iraq (which is not the true focus), to recenter on Iran, and to push towards Israel/Palestinian peace.  He feels that the U.S. needs to reconsider what it should aim for/what it should be doing in the region.

The next panelist was Shibley Telhami, the Anwar Sadat Professor for Peace and Development at the University of Maryland, College Park, and a senior fellow of the Saban Center for Middle East Policy at the Brookings Institution.  Telhami spoke about the impact of the “Arab awakening” on Israel-Palestine relations.  Globally, he said, there is a transformation of politics as nations are redefining their interests in the region, which has resulted in a shift in Israeli-Arab thinking and attitudes of Americans towards both groups.  Regionally, as Egypt is entering a new era, their relationship with Israel will change.  He also added, “Iran only wins as the enemy of my enemy.”

Third, we heard from Robert Malley, the former special assistant to President Bill Clinton and currently program director for Middle East and North Africa at the International Crisis Group in Washington, D.C.  Malley asked, “Is the U.S. still in the position to pursue/achieve its interests?”, and answered his own question with “to some extent, yes”.  He described different regions of conflict, the weakening of U.S. power (or the perception thereof), and the polarization between moderates and militants.  Malley stressed the need to adapt to a world that is much more chaotic than it has been in the past, and while the Arab Spring can be good for the U.S. “it will be a long and sustained headache”.

Malley was followed by David Makovsky, a Ziegler distinguished fellow and director of the Washington Institute for Near East Policy Project on the Middle East Peace Process.  Makovsky began by urging participants not to jump to worst case scenarios.  He outlined three policy options that the United States has: to resume talks with a purpose, to confront the U.N. in September, and to try to shape a deal with Europe.  “The U.S. needs to have leverage with the parties”, he said, and must deal with both security and territory.

The final speaker was the S. Daniel Abraham Visiting Professor of Middle East Policy Studies, the Woodrow Wilson School of Public and International Affairs at Princeton University, and former U.S. Ambassador to Egypt and Israel: Daniel Kurtzer.  Unlike Malley, Kurtzer thinks that “it’s time to start worrying”.  He believes that the U.S. probably does not have “the smarts to see a policy through”.  He explained four factors that suggest “no”: the absence of a strategy that makes sense in terms of follow-up, the fact that there is more talk than action, the lack of determination/persistence, and the fact that the U.S. is overly optimistic.  However, Kurtzer noted, this does not mean that the relationship has to come to and end.

The question and answer period that followed was passionate and insightful.  The fact that every seat was filled in this session (which was open to the Brandeis community) illustrated the fact the the topic of U.S.-Israeli relations is important to many higher education professionals.  Hopefully this discussion will lead to further research and collaboration among university scholars.

For more information about this conference, please check out:

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